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Salisbury is renowned for its superb medieval cathedral and planned city centred on its market. Traces of timber-framed buildings, which served as homes for countless generations of Salisbury occupants, still remain. The lives of these former residents can now start to be reconstructed from the archaeological evidence as parts of the city have been redeveloped. Foundations of former houses can be matched with upstanding buildings to reconstruct the appearance of medieval Salisbury. The everyday lives, health, diet, occupations and social status of the residents can be illustrated using pottery, animal bones and food remains referencing how the urban population integrated with communities in rural areas.  This volume attempts to bring these diverse strands of archaeological evidence together for the first time to tell the story of this cathedral city and its residents through its engaging past. 

Geophysical survey and evaluation trenching across 290 hectares of farmland in the parishes of Lockington – Hemington and Kegworth in North West Leicestershire led to the open area excavation of 12 sites (centred NGR SK 468 271). The project provided a valuable opportunity to investigate an area about which little was known archaeologically, despite it lying on the southern periphery of the Derwent/Trent/Soar confluence zone, an area rich in remains from prehistory onwards.

The work revealed relatively few indications of activity from the Bronze Age or earlier, with the earlier prehistoric evidence comprising sparse flintwork and a cluster of three Early to Middle Bronze Age burnt mounds and associated pits. A Middle Bronze Age inhumation grave and a pair of Late Bronze Age cremation graves were also found.

In keeping with regional norms, archaeologically visible activity increased dramatically during the Middle Iron Age. The excavated remains comprise pit alignments, roundhouses, field boundaries and enclosures. These sites had largely agricultural functions, characterised by mixed cattle and arable farming on a subsistence basis. Study of the animal bone and organic residue analysis of the pottery reveal dairying played a role in local farming practice. The significance of thresholds in ritual behaviour was apparent in the recovery of a human skull containing a concentration of spelt chaff placed alongside articulated horse bone in an enclosure entrance.

The use of the landscape appears to have been re-organised around the 1st century AD, with the Iron Age sites fallen or falling out of use and other areas forming foci of activity during the Romano-British period. The character of the later sites nevertheless resembled that of their Iron Age predecessors, having everyday finds assemblages and appearing small and chiefly agricultural in nature, albeit with slight evidence of agricultural intensification and an increased emphasis on exports following the Roman Conquest. After the abandonment of these sites in the 4th century AD, the land was given over to farming, with no evidence of its re-occupation until the 19th century. However, several examples of ancient boundaries persisting into the modern landscape point to some degree of continuity in the post-Roman period.

The fact that all of the excavated sites have been investigated and reported upon to a common methodology and lie in close proximity to each other means that the results represent a coherent ‘package’, perhaps more than the sum of its parts in terms of contributing to archaeological knowledge. In particular, insights have been gained into aspects of settlement form and layout, the use of pottery, trading links and agricultural practice, and how the sites fitted into the wider social and economic landscape in the centuries either side of the BC/AD transition.

During the installation of cables connecting Hornsea Offshore Wind Farm to the national grid, an archaeological transect was recorded across northern Lincolnshire. This publication is the culmination of a decade of work employing a diverse variety of archaeological techniques.

Parts of six settlements of Iron Age to Romano-British date were excavated, along with part of a regionally rare Anglo-Saxon settlement, two medieval moated sites and extensive evidence for medieval saltworking.

The Iron Age/ Romano-British settlements ranged in size, form, complexity and date, each occupying a different position within the landscape of the Lincolnshire Middle Marsh.  The work has helped to address geographical biases in the identification of this type of site. In the marsh they had been overlooked prior to the 21st century, and developer-funded excavation continues to be mainly focused in the increasingly industrialised environs of Immingham. Extensive information was obtained about the closed subsistence economies of the marsh, including from animal bone and organic residue analysis.  In this age of climate change, a valuable cautionary tale is found in that of a coastal settlement at Humberston that was inundated and buried beneath tidal silts at the end of the 3rd century AD.

The two medieval moats are elements in a series of such sites located along a low ridge in the marsh.  One moat may have been part of a minor seigneurial seat, but the other is much larger and almost certainly represents something more complex. A non-normative burial was made here at the parish boundary, the remains of a large man possibly representing an unsuccessful participant in mutual combat, or the victim of murder. 

It may be surprising to discover that it is saltmaking that has transformed the Outmarsh from poor wetland pasture into the 'improved' arable land we see today. Frequent remains of the apparatus used in the medieval sandwashing technique of salt production were revealed.  A by-product of this process was the creation of the large mounds of saltern waste that helped to 'reclaim' this marginal land. 

Sheffield, mid-19 century, the peak of the steel industry that both built and scarred the city. Dark streets and darker attitudes smother life in the grimy tenements and back streets. 

A young woman, Neive, leaves the poverty of her parents' home in West Ireland to seek work in the industrial cities of Northern England. 

She finds herself in Sheffield, having to hide her femininity to get work in steel cementation factories, she must also hide her forbidden love.

An unlikely salvation occurs to her in the shape of a famous circus impresario... but will her plan lead her to a new life?

Archaeologist Milica (Mili) Rajic imagines a human story entwined within the archaeological remnants and artefacts uncovered in the heavily industrialised Victorian Sheffield. 

The construction of High Speed I (HSI; formerly the Channel Tunnel Rail Link) entailed a major programme of archaeological investigation across Kent, Essex and Greater London.  In the Ebbsfleet Valley, a small tributary of the River Thames, a remarkable array of archaeological evidence was discovered, attesting to human occupation spanning a period of 400,000 years.

This volume is the last in a series of HSI archaeological reports for the Ebbsfleet Valley. It also incorporates evidence recovered during the construction of the South Thameside Development Route 4 (STDR4), a road upgrade funded by Kent County Council for the new Ebbsfleet International Station. The focus is the prehistoric landscapes and human occupation of the valley and its hinterland, from the Palaeolithic through to the Early Iron Age.  This period incorporates fluctuating extremes of climate between harsh sub-artic conditions when southern Britain would have been a frozen and uninhabitable treeless waste, and warmer interludes, when luxuriant forest was interspersed with grassy plains, rich in what we would now regard as tropical fauna, such as lion, hippopotamus and hyena. 

Excavations ahead of the Bath Quays development in the City of Bath Worth Heritage Site provided an opportunity to excavate a strip through the heart of the former Avon Street District - a notorious areas, which was once synonymous with crime, disease and poverty.  Developed in the 18th century and demolished in the early 1930s, this district was once home to 10,000 of the city's poorest inhabitants who lives in cramped dwellings nestled amongst the factories, stables, slaughterhouses, breweries, pubs and warehouses that grew up alongside the city's riverside quays. 

The excavation uncovered limited evidence for pre-18th-century activity, including a medieval watercourse that served as an outfall for the city's western geothermal springs, and the foundations of a late medieval or early post-medieval crenellated wall that flanked it. 

Development of the area began in the late 1720s with the construction of a quay and laying out of the district's eponymous main street, which was lined with well-built townhouses designed to accommodate wealthy visitors to the spa.  The proximity of the busy quayside, and the warehouses and insalubrious industries that sprang up around it, soon led to an exodus of wealthier patrons to more fashionable lodgings in upper parts of the city. Having lost their affluent tenants, landlords sought to maximise their revenues by subdividing and extending houses and infilling gardens with courts of blind-back and back-to-back houses: a process that was largely complete by the late 18th century.  During this period Avon Street acquired a fame of sorts, though not for the reason its architects had intended: it had become the city's principle red-light district.

In the 19th century, the area remained densely occupied, poor and lawless, but from the 1840s onwards, it also became increasingly industrialised. New businesses, including brass and iron foundries, dye works, engineering firms and timber mill, provided skilled work for many, but at the expense of an increasingly polluted environment. At the same time, concern about living condition in Britain's cities, and a fear of social disorder and epidemic disease, prompted a range of reforms designed to improve the health of the urban population.  This included improvements to sanitation, provision of piped water, and the construction of public washhouses, one which, the Milk Street Baths was built along the quayside.  The stream-powered institution, which opened in 1847, is the earliest well-preserved public washhouse to have been archaeologically excavated. 

The archaeological work, coupled with extensive documentary research, has allowed the physical remains and artefacts to be linked to some of the area's colourful and diverse inhabitants. 

Barrow Clump, on the east side of the Avon valley, lies in the centre of the Salisbury Plain Military Training Area.  It is the site of a large, partly extant Early Bronze Age burial mound which incorporated an earlier Beaker funerary monument, seals a Neolithic land surfaces, and was the focus of an Anglo-Saxon cemetery, most of the 70 graves dating to the 6th century AD. 

Excavations in 2003 – 4 were carried out largely in response to the dame being cause to this and other prehistoric monuments by badgers. The subsequent work in 2012 – 14 was made possible by the participation of Operation Nightingale (Exercise Beowulf), an innovative military initiative to involve injured service personnel in archaeology to aid their recovery. 

Radiocarbon dating has provided a coherent chronology for the important prehistoric sequence, and has also shown that Anglo-Saxon burial continued into the 7th and possibly the 8th century.  Notable cemetery finds include a sword with well-preserved organic remains, a bucket with surviving yew staves, a fine great square-headed brooch and only the second Visigothic brooch of its type found in Britain.

Excavation at the former Ministry of Defence headquarters, Durrington, just outside the Stonehenge World Heritage Site, revealed two prehistoric linear landscape features close to the floor of the River Avon valley.

One comprised two intersecting Late Neolithic posthole alignments which were closely associated with a group of Grooved Ware pits and with the utilisation of natural hollows for flint knapping and, in one follow, for cremation burial.

The other was a substantial Late Iron Age defensive ditch, apparently enclosing a large area of the valley floor, in which the only evidence for earlier Iron Age activity was a smaller number of Middle Iron Age burials.  It may be compared to other defended enclosures in the Avon valley, and more widely in the region.

The ditch was infilled at the start of the Roman period, and a rural settlement established between it and the river, divided by series field ditched and accessed by a trackway crossing the former boundary.

Although no structures were identified, storage pits, ovens, pottery kilns and areas of quarrying indicate settlement in the immediate vicinity. 

Archaeological excvations during the construction of a new supply line for the electrification of the Great Western Railway Main Line, uncovered part of a large, previously unknown, Romano-British settlement along the main road between the Roman towns of Aquae Sulis and Cunetio.  The full extent of the settlement is unknown but evidence from metal detector finds and field names suggests that it may have extended for at least 0.9 km along the Roman road.

The Romano-British settlement appears to have been established in the mid-/late 1st century AD, and was continually occupied until the end of the 4th century.  The settlement contained roads, buildings of stone and timber construction, a crop drier, wells, pits. human and animal burials, agricultural enclosures and evidence for metalworking, but was most notable for its large number of cooking ovens.  

The ceramic and metal finds ate indicative of a highly Romanised settlement, whilst the animal bone assemblage and plant remains suggest that the provision of food - particularly roast pork and bread - was an important part of the settlement's economy.  The discovery of a pair of small stone altars provide evidence for a roadside shrine. 

Archaeological works at Steart Point peninsula, near Bridgwater, have recovered evidence for the exploitation and settlement of the peninsula from the prehistoric period onwards. The results overall fit broad regional patterns of wetland environments in Southern Britain, where phases of land reclamation and climatic amelioration have been key factors in the successful exploitation, occupation and development of these landscapes.  These phases of reclamation are strongly linked to the prevailing patterns of associated sea level increased which periodically made coastal wetland landscapes less favourable habitats, the most recent examples occurring in the late Roman to early medieval and late medieval to earl port-medieval periods. 

A number of significant sites and areas of past human activity and inhabitation from the Iron Age, the Romano-British period, the medieval and early post-medieval periods have been recorded. The results follow broad regional patterns seen in the Severn Estuary Levels, with the more regularly planned farming landscapes and permanent settlement evidence from the Romano-British period onwards, developing from seasonal, episodic exploitation of this resource-rich salt-marsh landscape.  It has also highlighted extensive continuities within the Steart Point landscape of land divisions and drainage patterns which have their inception at least as far back as the early medieval period and possibly the Romano-British period. 

Excavations just outside a large Late Bronze Age ringwork at Queen Mary's Hospital, Carshalton, the London Borough of Sutton, revealed a settlement which was occupied possibly continuously from the Early Iron Age into the early Romano-British period.  Originally an open settlement, by the Late Iron Age parts of it had been enclosed by an arrangements of small ditches, which underwent some modifications over the next two centuries, while keeping their overall layout.

An Early/Middle Iron Age roundhouse and an adjacent square granary, were uncovered, but most of the features were pits, including grain storage pits. These contained evidence of activities relating to arable and pastoral farming, domestic life and craft/industry, including Romano-British metalworking.

Some of the materials in the pits had been deliberately deposited, probably for ritual/religious reasons. A few pits contained carefully selected metal, ceramic and/or other objects. Others contained partial or complete animal carcasses, sometimes in large numbers; sheep were the most comment animal deposited, but also of note are a number of dog burials. 

Excavations at Collingbourne Ducis revealed almost the full extent of a late 5th–7th century cemetery first recorded in 1974, providing one of the largest samples of burial remains from Anglo-Saxon Wiltshire.  The cemetery lies 200 m to the north-east of a broadly contemporaneous settlement on lower lying ground next to the River Bourne. 

Eighty-two inhumations graves and four cremation graves were recorded, in addition to the 33 inhumation graves discovered in 1974.  There was an apparent shift in focus during the 7th century, and notable amongst the later graves was a rare example of a 'bed' burial. 

The cemetery was probably used for several generations of the local community, although there are indications that some individuals or groups originated outside the surrounding area.  General health was on the whole poorer than that of comparable contemporaneous rural populations, and there is evidence for infections such as tuberculosis and leprosy.

Burials were accompanied by weapons and a diversity of jewellery assemblages, though none exhibit a particularly impressive range of wealth. As virtually the entire cemetery appears to have been explored, reliable observations can be made about its establishment, layout and development. 

Excavations in advance of housing development at Longforth Farm, Wellington, Somerset, revealed limited evidence for late prehistoric settlement, but the principle discovery was the remains of a previously unknown high status medieval building complex. This is thought to have been a manor house and though heavily robbed, key elements identified include a hall, solar with garderobe and service wing. A forecourt lay to the north and a courtyard with as least one ancillary building and a possible detached kitchen to the south.  To the east was a complex of enclosures and pits and beyond this a fishpond. 

There was a restricted range and number of medieval finds, but together these suggest that occupation spanned the late 12th/early 13th century to the late 14th/early 15th century.  There was a notable group of medieval floor tiles and roof furniture, but documentary research has failed to identify the owners and any records relating specifically to this important building. One possibility is that it belonged to the Bishops of Bath and Wells, and was perhaps abandoned around the end of the 14th century when they may have moved to their court to within the nearby and then relatively new market town of Wellington. 

The Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites World Heritage Site consists of two blocks of Wessex chalkland some 40 km apart. Individually they contain distinctive complexes of Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments; together they are one of the most iconic and important prehistoric landscapes in the world. 

This volume consists of a Resource Assessment of the Avebury part of the World Heritage Site, summarising the known archaeological and historical record and the key techniques used in their investigation. Together with the Research Agenda and Strategy and Stonehenge Update, these volumes provide the first integrated Research Framework for the whole of the World Heritage Site.

Resulting from discussion across the research community - through meetings, workshops and on-line consultation - the Framework offers a guide that encompasses the widest possible set of views and priorities. It is in every sense a collaborative document, produced by and for the constituency of researchers working in the World Heritage Site. 

The Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites World Heritage Site consists of two blocks of Wessex chalkland some 40 km apart. Individually they contain distinctive complexes of Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments; together they are one of the most iconic and important prehistoric landscapes in the world. 

This volume builds on the accompanying Resource Assessment to provide for the first time a fully integrated Research Agenda for the whole of the World Heritage Site.

Resulting from discussion across the research community - through meetings, workshops and on-line consultation - the Framework offers a guide that encompasses the widest possible set of views and priorities. It is in every sense a collaborative document, produced by and for the constituency of researchers working in the World Heritage Site.

It does not aim to be prescriptive, or to prioritise particular topics, but rather to offer guidance designed to encourage innovative research of the highest calibre.   

Excavations at Riverside Exchange in the centre of Sheffield revealed significant evidence of the city's post-medieval industrial expansion and, in particular, unique remains relating to early steelmaking.

Nothing of the medieval Town Mill survived but the goit which supplied water to the mill remained an important element within the site. Mid-17th-century tanning pits were followed by the Cutlers' Wheel, built in the mid-18th century to provide a water-powered grinding workshop. Notable assemblages of cutlery, pottery and clay tobacco pipes were recovered. 

Marshall's steelworks was established in the mid-1760s, an innovative, integrated works which combined cementation furnaces and the newly developed crucible steel process. The remains of three early cementation furnaces are of national significance and have been preserved in situ. Analysis of the two crucibles has provided the earliest evidence for their composition and the Huntsman process, at a time when these were a closely guarded secret.

From the 19th century, documentary, map and archaeological evidence combine to give a picture of the development of the Naylor Vickers works, which took over Marshall's and later became one of Sheffield's major steelworks.

This volume reports on the excavation at the former Imperial College Sports Ground, RMC Land and Land East of Wall Garden Farm, near the villages of Harlington and Sipson in the London Borough of Hillingdon, which revealed an archaeological landscape that developed from the Neolithic through to the medieval period.

The Early to Middle Neolithic saw the construction of a rectangular ditched mortuary monument, and the widespread digging of pits, many with deposits containing Peterborough Ware.  A dispersed monument complex comprising a double ring ditch and two circular enclosures was associated with rare Middle Neolithic cremation burials.

The Middle and Late Bronze Age saw the formalised organisation of the landscape into extensive rectangular fields, within which was evidence for settlement and an associated cremation cemetery. A small Iron Age nucleated settlement was developed in the Romano-British period with enclosures flanking a trackway, inhumation and cremation burials, middens and quarries.  The Saxon period is represented by two possible sunken-featured buildings, burials in a small early Saxon cemetery, and the establishment of a middle Saxon to medieval field system of small enclosures and associated wells.

East Kent has been a gateway for new people, cultures, ideas and trade for thousands of years. The Isle of Thanet, now joined to the mainland following the silting and reclamation of the former Wantsum Channel, was at the forefront of these movements.

A Kent County Council programme to build a new link road, the East Kent Access, in the south-east part of Thanet resulted in the largest archaeological project carried out in Britain in 2010. An Oxford Wessex Archaeology joint venture undertook the excavation of 48 hectares along the 6.5 kilometre route, revealing a wealth of archaeological evidence spanning the Palaeolithic to Second World War.

Volume I describes the archaeological remains and discusses their wider significance in Thanet and beyond.  Of note are two groups of Early Neolithic pits, 11 Bronze Age ring-ditches, Late Bronze Age settlement and two metalwork hoards. Amongst the extensive Iron Age remains is a unique trapezoidal enclosure and associated sunken-featured building.  However, potentially the most important discovery is a large enclosure on the Ebbsfleet Peninsula which, it is argued, may have been associated with Julius Caesar's invasions of 55–54 BC. Rural Roman settlement was extensive and included one site with roundhouses showing continuity from the Late Iron Age and another with sunken-featured buildings of 3rd–4th century date, along with at least three mixed rite cemeteries. Anglo-Saxon settlement and several cemeteries originated in the mid-6th century, but of particular interest is an 8th-century settlement and cemetery with associated evidence for shellfish processing.  Medieval remains were comparatively sparse but, as with the earlier periods, their distribution reflects the changing use of different landscape units represented by the chalk ridge, the southern slope of Thanet and the Ebbsfleet Peninsula.

East Kent has been a gateway for new people, cultures, ideas and trade for thousands of years. The Isle of Thanet, now joined to the mainland following the silting and reclamation of the former Wantsum Channel, was at the forefront of these movements.

A Kent County Council programme to build a new link road, the East Kent Access, in the south-east part of Thanet resulted in the largest archaeological project carried out in Britain in 2010. An Oxford Wessex Archaeology joint venture undertook the excavation of 48 hectares along the 6.5 kilometre route, revealing a wealth of archaeological evidence spanning the Palaeolithic to Second World War.

Volume 2 presents the analysis of the finds, environmental remains and the extensive radiocarbon dating programme, and includes the largest published assemblage of unburnt and cremated human bone from Thanet. Amongst the finds the worked flint, the Iron Age coins and the later prehistoric, Roman and Anglo-Saxon metalwork are of particular interest, and there are important assemblages of prehistoric, Roman and Anglo-Saxon pottery, worked stone and fired clay.  Highlights from the environmental remains include the large assemblages of animal bone and charred plant remains and the unique evidence for Anglo-Saxon shellfish processing. 

The potential for Middle Palaeolithic sites to survive beneath the sea in northern latitudes has been established by intensive investigation within Area 240, a marine aggregate licence area situated in the North Sea, 11 km off the coast of Norfolk, England. The fortuitous discovery of bifacial hand axes, and Levallois flakes and cores in 2008, led to a major programme of fieldwork and analysis.

Geophysical, geoarchaeological, palaeoenvironmental and archaeological datasets have been integrated producing a comprehensive understanding of the seabed and wider Pleistocene palaeogeography. Our knowledge of the early prehistoric archaeological material has been enhanced significantly; confirming that the artefacts are not a 'chance' find, but indicate clear, although complex, relationships to submerged and buried landscapes.

The Early Middle Palaeolithic artefacts, particularly the Levallois elements, indicate Neanderthal activity around 200,000 and 250,000 years ago apparently constrained to cold, estuarine environment of the now-submerged lower reaches of the Palaeo-Yare Valley. The exploitation of this landscape has left an archaeological record of international significance. 

The Solent-Thames region, comprising Buckinghamshire, Oxfordshire, Berkshire, Hampshire and the Isle of Wight, is a recent combination of counties which provide a north-south transect across Central Southern England, and offer fresh insights into the past. Drawing upon county assessments, and written by eminent period specialists, this volume presents an overview of the current state of archaeological knowledge within this region from Palaeolithic times to the present day.

This region contains some of the most important sites in England: the remarkable early Mesolithic settlements along the Kennet valley, the hillfort at Danebury and its environs, the Roman town of Silchester and the cemetery of Lankhills, and the Saxon and medieval towns and cities of Southampton, Winchester and Oxford. Portsmouth houses arguably the most important ships in the naval history of Britain, and includes the best-preserved Tudor warship, the Mary Rose. Blenheim, seat of the Dukes of Marlborough, is a World Heritage site of international renown.

Following the assessments are a series of research aims and priorities both for specific periods and for wider cross-period themes, an indispensable tool for anyone contemplating research in this region. It is one of a series covering the whole of England published with the support of English Heritage.

The A46 trunk road in Nottinghamshire has its origins as the Roman Fosse Way, and archaeological work ahead of road improvements in 2009 between Newark and Widmerpool has shed new light on both Roman and pre-Roman use of this transect of land. A number of significant sites were revealed, including evidence for Iron Age and Roman settlement in the hinterland around the Roman small town of Margidunum near Bingham. Further to the south-west near Saxondale, Roman roadside enclosures became the location of early Anglo-Saxon cremation burials and perhaps also a 'tumulus', as recorded by William Stukeley in 1722 in the middle of the Fosse Way.  The prehistory of the landscape included further Iron Age settlements and land boundaries on the higher land of the Wolds. Earlier still was a Beaker-period ring-ditch and inhumation burials at the foot of the Wolds near Stragglethorpe. The story of human occupation revealed during fieldwork goes back much further, with the discovery of Late Upper Palaeolithic flintwork in Farndon Fields on the gravel terrace south of Newark.  This nationally important site comprised scatters of debris left in situ by flint-knappers of the Creswellian and Federmesser hunter-gather cultural traditions. 

A programme of archaeological works at the Hoyle Street development in Sheffield revealed significant evidence for the crucible steelmaking which gave the town its world-wide reputation for cutlery and tools in the 19th and 20th centuries. 

Two crucible furnace cellars, at William Hoole's Works and the Hoyle Street Works, were excavated, and three intact crucible cellars were recorded at the Titanic Works.  Structures associated with related aspects of steel production were also excavated, particularly at the Hoyle Street Works, including part of a cementation furnace, boiler and engine bases, a crane base and a silt trap.

Standing building at five works premises - the Roscoe Works, Malinda Works, Titanic Works, Australian Works and Progress Works - were also recorded and, combined with documentary and map research, revealed their development through the 19th and 20th centuries. 

The steelworks were located among the cramped housing of the working population, and a number of cellars and ground floors of the back-to-back tenements and terraced houses were excavated, revealing evidence of possible cottage industry.  

Excavations at Cliffs End Farm, Thanet, Kent, undertaken in 2004/5 uncovered a dense area of archaeological remains including Bronze Age barrows and enclosures, and a large prehistoric mortuary feature, as well as a small early 6th to late 7th century Anglo-Saxon inhumation cemetery. An extraordinary series of human and animal remains were recovered from the Late Bronze Age-Middle Iron Age mortuary feature, revealing a wealth of evidence for mortuary rites including exposure, excarnation and curation.

The site seems to have been largely abandoned in the later Iron Age and very little Romano-British activity was identified.  In the early 6th century a small inhumation cemetery was established. Very little human bone survived within the 21 graves, where the burial environment differed from that within the prehistoric mortuary feature, but grave goods indicate 'females' and 'males' were buried here.  Richly furnished graves included that of a 'female' buried with a necklace, a pair of brooches and a purse, as well as a 'male' with a shield covering his face, as knife and spearhead.  In the Middle Saxon period lines of pits, possibly delineating boundaries, were dug, some of which contained large deposits of marine shells.

English Heritage funded an extensive programme of radiocarbon and isotope analyses, which have produced some surprising results that shed new light on long distance contracts, mobility and mortuary rites during later prehistory.

This volume presents the reults of the investigations together with the scientific analyses and human bone.  

The construction, the eats London's lower Lea Valley, of the Olympic Park as a venue for the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games, promoted a comprehensive series of investigations into the site's environmental and cultural heritage.  The work was commissioned by the Olympic Delivery Authority and comprised geoarchaeological, paleoenvironmental and archaeological investigations, built heritage recording, documentary research, oral history and other forms of community engagement.  

The volume combines many strands of evidence in order to chart the evolution of the valley landscape over some 10,000 years, and changes in the patterns of human settlement, land and waterway management, and economic activity. It has revealed important new evidence for prehistoric farming, post-medieval milling, Victorian infrastructure development, the areas 19th and 20th century industrial heritage, and World War II defences. 

The creation of the Olympic Park is the most recent of a long series of transformations which lower Lea Valley and its communities have witnessed over their history.  These cultural history investigations, the results of which form part of the legacy of the 2012 Games, have ensured that the site's past has been preserved, and renewed for the future. 

The DP World London Gateway Port, on the north bank of the Thames, is a major development of a new container terminal. Its construction has been accompanied by a major dredging scheme that has increased the depth of sections of the approach channel over a length of c. 100km, from the outer reaches of the Thames to the new terminal.  From its beginning, this scheme included careful consideration of the archaeological consequences of dredging in such a historically-important estuary.

Over the course of a decade, investigations by Wessex Archaeology have provided a new perspective on the historic environment of the Thames, and explored innovative archaeological approaches and methodologies for addressing marine developments of this type and scale.

This volume sets out the challenges, results and history of these investigations, and the context and constraints encountered.  The results contribute to our knowledge of maritime archaeology in the Thames Estuary and to the wider practice of marine development-led archaeology.

This volume, the second of four, presents specialist reports on the Late Iron Age and Roman artefacts recovered from Springhead and Northfleet. 

These include over 2 tonnes of pottery, 1756 coins and tokens, over 2500 other metal small finds (many possibly votive objects recovered from the Ebbsfleet at Springhead) and 3000 nails. The metal finds include items of personal adornment and dress, household utensils and furniture, objects for weighing and measuring, pieces of toilet or medical equipment, tools associated with manufacture and agriculture, military equipment, and religious objects, including two lead Fortuna figurines. Quantities of iron slag, ceramic building material, wall plaster and woodwork, 95 rotary querns, and at least two pipeclay Venus figurines, along with glass, leather shoes, and objects of bone are also reported. 

The find assemblage from Springhead in particular emphasises the juxtaposition of ritual and domestic life in a small but important roadside settlement on Watling Street, on the route between the coast and London. Although the main building of the Northfleet villa complex, originally investigated in the early 20th century, was avoided by the route of High Speed I, high-status finds recovered from elsewhere in the estate, such as a seal-box, marble flooring and fragments of an imported theatrical mask provide further evidence that the villa was occupied by members of the local elite.

Collectively the substantial High Speed I finds assemblage helps paint a vivid picture of domestic, economic and religious life, and death, or both town and country dwellers within the Ebbsfleet Valley during the Romano-British period. 

Found a few kilometres from Stonehenge, the graves of the Amesbury Archer and the Boscombe Bowmen date to the 24th century BC and are two of the earliest Bell Beaker graves in Britain.

The Boscombe Bowmen grave contained the collective burial of five adult males of Bell Beaker date, a teenager who was probably also male, and one, possibly two, children. The Amesbury Archer was the single burial of a 35–45 year old man who had lived with impaired mobility because of the absence of his left knee cap. Isotope analyses suggests that both graves were those of incomers to Wessex. A third grave, the so-called 'Companion' found close to that of the Amesbury Archer, was that of a 20–25 year old man. A rare trait in their feet shows that the two men were related.

The grave of the Boscombe Bowmen contained objects made of flint, including a group of finely made arrowheads, seven Beakers, an antler pendant, and a boars' tusk.  The Amesbury Archer's grave contained an unusually large number and variety of objects, including five Beakers, several caches of flint, 17 barbed and tanged arrowheads, two bracers, three copper knives / daggers, a pair of gold ornaments, boar's tusks, and a stone tool for metalworking. The 'Companion' was buried with similar gold ornaments and a boar's tusk but no beaker. The objects have strong continental connections and the stone metalworking tool or cushion stone in the grave of the Amesbury Archer may explain why his mourners afforded him on of the most well-furnished burials yet found in Europe.

This excavation report contains a series of wide-ranging studies and scientific analyses by an array of experts, and a discussion of the graves within their British and continental European contexts. 

Archaeological survey and excavation in and around Poundbury Farm, Dorchester has revealed a multi-period landscape with evidence spanning the Neolithic through to the Romano-British period.

A number of pits contained axe manufacturing debris, early Neolithic pottery and environmental remains, including one with an extensive dump of charred grain.

A ring-ditch of probably Early Bronze Age date was recorded, although there was limited evidence for contemporary occupation. Middle and Late Bronze Age field systems, pits, roundhouses, and cremation burials were identified. In keeping with other sites in the area, Iron Age activity was very limited.

In the early Romano-British period a farmstead was established, comprising enclosures, stone-built structures, grain driers, ovens and other features. Early Romano-British Durotrigian graves, as well as middle and late Romano-British graves, were associated with the settlement. One individual was buried in a stone coffin, and there was a single late Romano-British cremation burial.

The volume, the first of four, describes the results of excavations at Springhead and Northfleet in the Ebbsfleet Valley, Kent, undertaken in advance of construction of High Speed I (formally the Channel Tunnel Rail Link).

The Roman 'small town' or roadside settlement at Springhead (Vagniacis) developed from modest Late Iron Age origins into a religious centre almost unique within Roman Britain, probably attracting pilgrims from a wide area. In addition to the previously known and excavated temples, a major mid-2nd century AD sanctuary complex including a temple, ancillary buildings and a ritual shaft, has been discovered, focused on springs and pools (reconstructed above) at the head of the valley where Ebbsfleet rises.

Another temple, along with a range of timber buildings, were also recorded; these included an aisled barn, a blacksmith's forge, a bakery, and a possible brewing complex within individual properties lining Watling Street and the riverside branch road leading to Northfleet villa. As well as the major Pepper Hill cemetery to the south of the town (and reported under Section I of High Speed I), three smaller cemeteries were also identified on the periphery of Springhead. 

Downstream at Northfleet, a large part of a Roman villa complex, including the Ebbsfleet waterfront, a detached bath-house, and much of the agricultural surroundings, was investigated.  Saxon remains throughout the Ebbsfleet Valley included sunken-featured buildings belonging to possibly three separate settlements, two inhumation cemeteries, and most significantly, at Northfleet the preserved remains of the earliest recorded horizontal-wheeled tidal water mill in Britain, its construction tree-ring dated to the end of the 7th century AD.

In 2007 and 2008 Wessex Archaeology conducted archaeological fieldwork in the centre of Newbury, prior to the redevelopment of a former car park into a cinema complex on the corner of Cheap Street and Market Street. The site occupies a sizeable plot on the southern edge of the historic core of Newbury, about 250 metres to the south of the River Kennet. Previous excavations within the medieval town have revealed sequences of activity from at least the 11th century, and it was hoped that this excavation would augment these results and confirm the general picture of a planned town in which development spread outwards from the area around the church and market place from the late 11th century, extending down the Cheap Street frontage in the 13th century.

During the excavations, some medieval features were found, and one possible structure, dating to the 12th or 13th century. However, most of the evidence for buildings within formal property boundaries dates no earlier than the early post-medieval period (15th to 17th centuries), and most of the building plans recovered dated from the late 18th to the early 20th centuries.

A limited programme of documentary research and map regression has supplemented these results by confirming the broad dating for the site and linking the excavated evidence to known properties and, for the later period, known occupiers.

Survey and excavations undertaken on behalf of English Heritage on the site of the medieval Keep revealed important evidence for its construction, development, repairs and decay between c.1200 and the 15h century. The Keep was in such a poor state of repair by the late 16th century that it came to be filled with clay and used as an artillery platform against the threat of the Armada.  In the Second World War it was refortified once again. 

Deep excavation behind and below the eastern wall of the Keep provided new dendrochronological evidence for a later 3rd century construction of the Roman fort wall and for its occupation from the end of the 3rd century and through the late Roman, Anglo-Saxon and Saxo-Norman periods. For the first time in south-east England imports of African Red Slipped Ware are attested in the 5th and the 7th centuries. The finds and environmental chapters include major reports on the Roman to Post-Medieval pottery (TIMBY), thr faunal remains (Powell and Serjeanston), the marine molluscs (Sommerville) and soil micromorphology (Macphail).

Archaeological works at High Post near Salisbury have confirmed the presence of an iron Age hilltop enclosure on the southern margins of Salisbury Plain.

The enclosure was bounded by a deep V-shaped ditch in association with a wide zone suggestive of an internal bank.  More significantly, lying beneath the line of the bank was a large spread of mostly articulated animal done, dating to the Early Iron Age.

The Iron Age occupation of the enclosure was represented by round-houses, pits and post-holes containing evidence of domestic waste.

The enclosure was abandoned during the Middle Iron Age and remained unoccupied until the late Romano-British period.  Pits, hearths and post-holes of this period were recorded both within and outside the enclosure. Other features related to this period included a possible shrine and a corn drying oven which appeared to have been utilised into the start of the post Romano-British period. 

The detailed specialist reports in this volume, the third of four, present analyses of the Late Iron Age and Roman human bone and animal bone assemblages recovered during the reported excavations, as well as environmental remains and dating evidence relating to contemporary landscape, subsistence and economy.

A single cremation burial and at least 48 inhumation burials were recorded at Springhead, with a single inhumation burial of a neonate also recovered from within the Northfleet villa complex. Whole or partial skulls appear to have been deliberately placed and redeposited in a variety of features, including a 'ritual shaft' at Springhead. Over 68,000 fragments of animal bones were recovered, including many complete animal skeletons. At Springhead the assemblage is dominated by sheep/goat whilst cattle are more important at the Northfleet villa.

The environmental evidence for Roman subsistence and economy is presented in reports on charred plant remains, wood charcoal, and marine shell. Of particular note is the evidence for brewing on an almost industrial scale at the villa, with a malting oven, a barn and three brewing tanks discovered - the largest of which could hold up to 16,000 pints alone, supplying not only the villa's need but almost certainly also for trade further afield.  Environmental sequences and remain relating to the development of the wider Roman landscape of the Ebbsfleet Valley were also recovered from a range of locations.   

High Speed I (HSI) is the first new railway to be built in Britain for over a century and is the UK's first high speed railway.  The publication of this volume celebrates the immense scale and award-winning quality of the archaeological and historic building investigations that resulted from the construction of Section I of the rail link in Kent. 

The project encompasses some truly exceptional individual discoveries, such as the Early Neolithic longhouse at White Horse Stone, one of only a handful known in Britain and the most thoroughly dated example.  Extensive excavations at Thurnham Roman Villa and Pepper Hill Roman cemetery have contributed greatly to our understanding of Roman Kent, while the Anglo-Saxon cemeteries at Cuxton and Saltwood Tunnel are immensely important additions to the corpus of Kentish cemeteries. Perhaps the most important contribution of HSI section I lies in the extent to which a range of 'ordinary' rural sites have been exposed and investigated across a broad range of landscape zones.  The sheer number and scale of sites studied within a consistent research framework has offered a unique opportunity to examine change and continuity in this long-inhabited corridor from the Thames Estuary to the Channel coast.

This books provides a synthetic overview and critical analysis of the HSI Section I archaeological results by a group of leading regional and period experts, placing the investigations within the context of current frameworks of archaeological understanding at a regional, national and international scale.

The detailed specialist reports in this volume, the fourth of four, cover all the Saxon and later finds recovered during the excavations, as well as human bone and animal bone, environmental remains and dating evidence relating to contemporary landscape, subsistence and economy. 

Fifth to early 6th century pottery was recovered from the Northfleet Roman villa site, including from demolition layers over the villa buildings, as well as from nine sunken-featured building spanning the 5th to 8th centuries, and the area of the later 7th/early 8th century Saxon mill. The metal small finds derive largely from parts of two late 7th/ early 8th century cemeteries, containing at least 30 individuals, and located at Springhead on the brow of Wingfield Bank overlooking the Ebbsfleet Valley. Also recovered were small quantities of smithing slag, ceramic building material, fired clay and daub, and objects of bone.

Unusual and comparatively rare finds include a wooden bowl and a very earl example of a small wood place - probably for trimming arrow or spear shafts. In addition, the surface of one of the mill pentroughs had been inscribed with a 'daisy wheel' pattern of overlapping and intersecting circles, almost certainly for use as a template to accurately and evenly positioning the horizontal water wheel blades on to a central hub.

The animal bone assemblage is largely comprised of domestic animals, indicating mixed farming supplemented by a little hunting; the charred plant remains derive from locally grown crops.

The construction of an additional passenger terminal (Terminal 5) at Heathrow Airport was preceded by one the largest archaeological investigations ever undertaken in the UK. The previous volume revealed the results of earlier phases of work in 1996 to 2000, while this volume presents a complete account of all excavations up to 2007. 

The earliest evidence for human activity revealed in the Terminal 5 excavations related to hunter-gatherers in the 7th or 6th millennia BC. By the end of the 4th millennium BC the landscape had been transformed by a series of major cursus monuments, which were part of a significant ceremonial centre. Further changes by the early 2nd millennium BC resulted in the first archaeologically detectable settlements, field and trackways. Major elements of this Bronze Age agricultural landscape persisted right up to the medieval period.

A nucleated settlement of Middle Iron Age date remained as a focus of occupation right through into the later Roman period. There is no evidence for post-Roman continuity, although the remains of a dispersed early Saxon settlement were revealed further to the north-west.  Extensive medieval and post-medieval activity was found across much of the excavated area, largely comprising field systems and agricultural buildings. The character of the Heathrow landscape remained predominantly rural well into the 20th century. 

Twelve excavations were carried out by Wessex Archaeology within the Cambourne Development Area. Situated on the clay uplands west of Cambridge, which have seen little previous archaeological investigations, the results presented here are important in demonstrating the ebb and flow of occupation according to population or agricultural pressure. 

Short-lived Bronze Age occupation was followed in the Middle Iron Age by small farming communities with an economy based on stock-raising and some arable cultivation. The Late Iron Age seems to have seen a recession, perhaps partly due to increased waterlogging making farming less viable. 

From the mid-1st century AD new settlements began to emerge, possibly partly stimulated by the presence of Ermine Street, and within a century the area was relatively densely occupied. Several farmsteads were remodelled in the later Romano-British period, though none seems to have been very prosperous.

Dispersed occupation may have continued into the early 5th century at least, followed by a hiatus until the 12th/13th century when the entire area was taken into arable cultivation, leaving the ubiquitous traces of medieval ridge and furrow agriculture. 

The volume presents the results of archaeological investigations undertaken at four sites in Kent. The two 'linear' schemes: the West Malling and Leybourne Bypass and Weatherlees-Margate-Broadstairs Wastewater Pipeline, provided transects across the landscape revealing settlement and cemetery evidence of Neolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age, Romano-British and Anglo-Saxon date. Two Bronze Age metalwork hoards were also recovered and a variety of World War II features.

Medieval settlement remains included sunken-featured buildings at West Malling, Fulston Manor, and Star Lane, Manston, that appear to belong to a type of building specific to Kent that had combined uses as bakeries, brewhouses, and / or kitchens. A short study of these, their distribution, form an possible functions, is included. 

In addition to evidence for Bronze Age occupation, Manston Road, Ramsgate produced Anglo-Saxon settlement evidence with six sunken-featured buildings and a sizeable assemblage of domestic items. 

The archaeological investigation of 59ha of mostly chalk downland revealed traces of human activity from the Neolithic through to the Late Roman period, beginning with occasional pits containing domestic refuse and both Grooved Ware and Beaker pottery, the latter with evidence for cereal cultivation.

Permanent settlement occurred from about 1500 BC onwards with a series of open settlements including at least 15 buildings, mostly post-built roundhouses, of Middle Bronze Age to Early Iron Age, whose inhabitants were involved in cereal cultivation and largescale land division. The Late Iron Age witnessed the creation of new settlements, enclosures, and trackways. Field lynchets and evidence for field clearance indicate that some earlier pasture was converted to arable. Short lived, specialist enclosures, probably for animal husbandry, on the chalk contrasted with a long-lived complex of enclosures on poorer draining soils.  The apparently low status settlement situated on these poorer soils exhibited only partly Romanised and mostly rural characteristics. The settlements were abandoned in the 4th century. 

Excavations in advance of redevelopment for a prestigious office building in the east of the City revealed 10 broad phases of activity, ranging between the pre-Roman and post-medieval periods, with a focus on the 1st and 2nd centuries AD.

Roman Fenchurch Street follows the line of earlier ditches. For the first time, the entire width of the Roman road has been exposed, permitting adjustments of its course in the street plan of Londinium. Iron pipe collars demonstrate water management along the street and to the rear of the 2 plots identified on site. The 17 Roman buildings (later 1st–3rd century AD) show mixed domestic and commercial / industrial uses, including metalworking and butchery. 

Although disturbed by modern buildings, later Roman finds recovered from medieval and post-medieval pits indicate continuity of activity, but there is a genuine lack of Saxon occupation. A peculiar deposition of animal bone in a medieval pit may provide evidence for ritual/magic practices. 

Comparison with the adjacent site of Lloyd's Register demonstrates the considerable differences that can occur in the occupation history of two adjacent sites. The volume includes reports of the finds and environmental assemblages. 

In 2000 and 2001 excavations in the south-west corner of the Roman town of Durnovaria, modern day Dorchester, revealed evidence for buildings and other features alongside a road. The site came to national prominence when a series of very fine mosaics were revealed, indeed around 6000 visitors patiently queued to view these and other finds from the site during an open day. As well as the mosaics and the building they were set within, the excavations revealed evidence for the everyday items used within the town: pottery, glass vessels, jewellery. amongst which were some rare and exotic items. A hoard of late Roman coins was also discovered on the site. Evidence for the economy of the town was also found including the remains of fish sauces which was very popular in Roman times. 

This volume reports on the archaeological works undertaken between 1998 and 2003 as part of the A303 Stonehenge Improvement highway scheme promoted by the Highways Agency. 

The A303 trunk road and the A344 which pass Stonehenge are widely agreed to have a detrimental effect on its setting and on other archaeological features within the World Heritage Site. Around Stonehenge there is noise and visual intrusion from traffic and also air pollution. Each year nearly one million people visit the World Heritage Site and surroundings, using visitor facilities intended to cater for a much smaller number. 

Many plans that might improve this situation have been examined, involving partnership working across many organisations. Common to all these has been the aim of removing traffic from the area of Stonehenge and at the same time addressing highways issues with regard to road capacity and safety. 

This volume sets out the objectives of the extensive programme of archaeological work that was undertaken to inform the planning of the highway scheme, the methods used, the results obtained, and to explain something of the significance of works which provided a 12 km transect across the WHS and beyond: the first of its kind ever undertaken. 

Construction of a tank road through part of Salisbury Plain, from Warminster to Tilshead, has revealed archaeological remains dating from the Neolithic up to the modern use of the Plain for military training. Excavation adjacent to Battlesbury Camp hillfort has uncovered Late Bronze Age to Middle Iron Age settlement activity including ditches, roundhouses, four-post structures and numerous pit. Some of the pits contained human burials, and other deposits of artefacts and animal bones appear to have been formally place. 

Detailed environmental investigation had provided information about both the nature and the on-site activities and the character of the surrounding landscape. Other sites investigated along the tank road included a round barrow and a multiple inhumation and cremation burial of Early Bronze Age date, a Middle Bronze Age enclosure, Late Bronze Age settlement sites, the 'Old Ditch' Wessex Linear earthwork and evidence for Romano-British settlement and landuse. 

This volume describes the excavation and analysis of remains recovered from an intact, 18th century Baptist burial ground situated on the north-west margins of Poole, Dorset.  The West Butts Street congregation was established in 1735 by 15 named members but dwindled in the 1780s on the demise of their one and only Pastor, John Bird.  The chapel was demolished but the burial ground subsequently served a second Baptist community, Hill Street, founded in 1804, until their own church was built in 1813.

The accompanying documentary research gathered a wealth of information regarding 18th century Poole, its population and economic status, and the growth and spread of Nonconformity and the Baptist movement in the town, but there were few direct conclusive links with the West Butts congregation.  It has, however, been possible to form an impression of the world in which the members of the congregation lived and worshipped which, together with the excavated evidence, including the osteological analysis of the 100 individuals identified, has enabled some aspects of the lives of the cemetery's population to be gleaned. 

In late 2000, during one of the wettest winters on record, Oxford Wessex Archaeology were commissioned by the construction consortium CAMBBA, on behalf of Midland Expressway Limited, to carry out the archaeological works associated with the construction of the new 44km M6 Toll motorway. The main phase of work was carried out during 2001, and by 2003 all investigations were complete, revealing 41 separate sites. 

Remains included Mesolithic flint scatters, isolated Neolithic pits and hollows, Bronze Age burnt mounds and Iron Age settlement enclosures. The Romano-British period was dominated by settlement and burials concentrated around Wall (Letocetum), Ryknield Street and Watling Street, whilst the Anglo-Saxons were notable by their absence from the results. Evidence for medieval settlement and agriculture was recorded at many sites, including a Knights Templar fishpond complex at Wishaw. More recent standing structures were also recorded, including the northern dam for Hatherton Reservoir, Churchbridge Railway and Accommodation bridges and sections through the Cannock Extension and Wyrley and Essington Canals, vital elements of the post-medieval industrial heritage of the region. 

The expansion of Stansted Airport provided an opportunity to investigate a large area of clay plateau, typical of the north-west Essex landscape. Sporadic activity from the Palaeolithic period was found but the first settlements date to the Middle Bronze Age. From the Middle Iron Age onwards, increasing settlement and population density led to the enclosure of the landscape.  Farming and settlement concentrated on the more fertile river valleys and the slopes of the heavily wooded plateau.

The Romano-British period saw a decline in the rural population, whilst increasing agricultural intensification led to the first systematic farming of the clay plateau. Documentary sources indicate woodland regeneration in the post-Romano-British period.  Indeed, much of the history of the Saxon and medieval settlement of the area concerns the relationship between agricultural expansion and the surrounding woodland, whilst deer parks such as Stansted Park allowed landowners to demonstrate their mastery of the landscape and its wildlife.

Specialists' reports. 

Five main excavations and a number of smaller ones were undertaken in advance of the construction of the A27 Westhampnett Bypass near Chichester, West Sussex, in 1992.  This volume presents the evidence for settlement and related evidence that spans 11,000 years from the Late Upper Palaeolithic to the medieval. 

The sites examined included a Late Upper Palaeolithic palaeosol, two early Mesolithic residential base camps, isolated Early and Late Neolithic pits, an Early Bronze Age barrow and a Middle Bronze Age settlement, a Middle Iron Age settlement, an unusual Romano-British enclosure of unknown function, perhaps a shrine, and an Anglo-Saxon Sunken-Featured building. 

These excavations provide the first archaeological transect across part of the West Sussex Coastal Plain and provide a useful contrast to the well-explored Sussex Downs immediately to the north. 

The expansion of Stansted Airport provided an opportunity to investigate a large area of clay plateau, typical of the north-west Essex landscape. Sporadic activity from the Palaeolithic period was found but the first settlements date to the Middle Bronze Age. From the Middle Iron Age onwards, increasing settlement and population density led to the enclosure of the landscape.  Farming and settlement concentrated on the more fertile river valleys and the slopes of the heavily wooded plateau.

The Romano-British period saw a decline in the rural population, whilst increasing agricultural intensification led to the first systematic farming of the clay plateau. Documentary sources indicate woodland regeneration in the post-Romano-British period.  Indeed, much of the history of the Saxon and medieval settlement of the area concerns the relationship between agricultural expansion and the surrounding woodland, whilst deer parks such as Stansted Park allowed landowners to demonstrate their mastery of the landscape and its wildlife. 

The upgrading of the A120 between Stansted Airport and Braintree allowed the unique opportunity to examine a slice of landscape crossing the clay plateau of Essex; a geology which has received little attention in the past. A diverse pattern of human history was revealed including earlier prehistoric flint knapping, later prehistoric ritual activity, a Roman farmstead with accompanying cemetery, a middle Saxon hall, medieval settlement, pottery production and a windmill.

This report is the product of a joint venture between Oxford Archaeology and Wessex Archaeology and has been designed to provide the reader with an accessible interpretation of the finds with supporting factual data.  

This volume describes the results of several stages of archaeological work resulting from plans to construct a new water treatment plant utilising the springhead or the River Jordan at Sutton Poyntz, a village at the foot of the chalk scrap near Weymouth, Dorset.  Human activity in the area, since at least the Mesolithic times, has focused on the river. Its post-medieval history revolved around its water mills. Evidence for an Early Iron Age settlement, including at least one round-house, and Romano-British activity, including infant burials were recorded, partly beneath a thick colluvial deposit. A rectangular, stone-founded building has been identified as a 13th–14th century chapel probably belonging to the Poyntz family estate. 

The village of Market Lavington is located on a low greensand ridge at the foot of the north-west scrap of the chalk that forms Salisbury Plain.  Rescue excavations in 1990 recorded an inhumation cemetery probably spanning the late 5th and 6th centuries and possibly extending into the 7th. The cemetery has provided an opportunity to examine burial practice in early Saxon Wiltshire and allowed an assessment of the structure of the social groups being interred at Market Lavington.  The associated sequence of early–late Saxon and medieval settlement, and the relatively large assemblages of finds and ecofacts, as enhanced understanding of the growth of the village which, by the 14th century, had become a minor town in Wiltshire. 

A programme of systematic surface collection and evaluative excavation has provided important new insight into Iron Age and Romano-British settlement and its associated agricultural economy on the chalk lands of the Eastern Range of the Salisbury Plain (Military) Training Area, central southern England.  Focusing on two sample areas, amounting to 34km of the chalk lands between the Avon Valley (Wiltshire) and the ridge east of the Bourne Valley extending into north-west Hampshire. the project included sample excavations on eight Iron Age enclosures, three sets of field systems and, more extensively, on the Iron Age, Romano-British and early Anglo-Saxon settlement at Coombe Down and the Romano-British linear village settlement of Chisenbury Warren. 

The construction of Terminal 5 at Heathrow, today the world's busiest international airport, was preceded by one of the largest archaeological investigations ever undertaken in the UK. Its scale has for the first time allowed the complex history of the Middle Thames Valley to be explored. This volume covers over 8,000 years of human history, including early prehistoric ceremonial activity, the introduction of farming and the imposition of administrative control in the Roman period.

Borne of a unique relationship between heritage and development sectors, this is a new style excavation report. Designed to provide the reader with an accessible interpretation of the findings it also allows the coherency of those interpretations to be checked through the presentation of the detailed results of the excavations. 

Wessex Water's decision to build a new water treatment works at Sutton Poyntz provided an opportunity, in 1993–4, for archaeologists from Wessex Archaeology to find out how people had lived, worked and worshipped in the landscape around the River Jordan.

This is the story of the archaeological investigations that proceeded construction of the new works, and of the river's influence of the people, the place and the landscape. 

Hamwic (mid-Saxon Southampton) has been the subject of excavations since the 1940s, and is the most extensively investigated and best understood of the English wics. This report publishes the results of the largest excavation yet undertaken in Hamwic, which preceded Southampton Football Club's move to a new stadium in 2001. This has increased the known area of the settlement to almost 50 hectares, but more importantly has shed light on the origins of Hamwic.  A mixed rite cemetery included cremation burials which may date to the mid-7th century, at least half a century later than others knowns in the region, and an unusually high proportion of accompanied inhumation burials of later 7th century date, many with weapons in sometimes complex assemblages. These burials may represent an elite group associated with the 7th century royal estate from which the later administrative function of Hamwic developed. The similarities with weapons burials in easy Kent suggest that the origins of Hamwic might be traced back to Kentish/Jutish leadership, before the arrival of the West Saxons in c.686 and the transformation of the estate into a major manufacturing, market and trading centre. 

The Charter Quay development in Kingston upon Thames occupies much of the heart of the historic town. Before construction began, archaeologists excavating the site uncovered the essential elements of the town's growth over 900 years its urban planning, its market place businesses, shops and inns, the early industrial estate south of the Hogsmill, and the riverside wharves essential for its burgeoning trade.

This book describes the results of these important excavations, illuminating Kingston's wider history and bringing to life, in the details of the finds, the lives of the people carpenters, bakers, innkeepers, maltsters and fishmongers who built the houses, ran the businesses, frequented the inns and helped turn a medieval village into a modern town.

Carisbrooke Castle is the only medieval fortification on the Isle of Wight.  Its building and defences are still well-preserved and spectacular. A series of excavations, watching briefs, and other interventions between 1921 and 1996, concentrated mainly 1959–1969 and 1976–1982, have shed new light on the history and archaeology of the site.

Despite past suggestions or Roman and prehistoric activity, the earliest apparent use of the hilltop was for the 6th century Saxon inhumation cemetery. The first settlement was not until the late Saxon period, when the hilltop was fortified and large timber building erected inside it.

The first earthen castle was created after the Norman Conquest.  This was replaced by the present motte and bailey around 1100 and had stone defences by 1136.  Two domestic buildings were identified but the presumed great hall of that period still eludes discovery. The castle appears to have assumed largely its present internal plan in the 13th century. The excavations provided evidence for modifications to the defences in the 14th century and to the domestic buildings in the later 16th century. Carisbrooke was turned into a modern artillery fortress between 1587 and 1602. One of its flanker batteries was investigated.

The excavations have produced, for the first time on the Isle of Wight, good stratified sequences of medieval and post-medieval artefacts, in particular pottery. Some indications have been revealed for the diet and food sources of the users of the castle. 

For half a millennium, successive generations of Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age farmers maintained their animals at the same site to the north of the modern parish of Potterne.  Their specialised activities were served by an integrated social network through which contact was maintained with close and distant neighbours. Periodic communal meetings at the site provided the stimulus and opportunity for the exchange of agricultural produce, manufactured goods and at the same time developed social bonds.

The physical evidence at Potterne comprises a dark man-made soil, rich in artefacts, domestic and industrial waste, forming a collosal low mound 3.5 ha in extent and up to 2m thick.  Exploratory excavations between 1982 and 1985 demonstrated the extent and unusual character of the site and have led to the definition of a previously unrecognised phenomenon.  The progressive accumulation of such a vast quantity of material has necessitated a consideration of the role of farming, especially cattle husbandry, in the later prehistoric society of southern Britain. 

Archaeological investigations along the route of the A34 Newbury Bypass employed a staged approach to assess the likely impact of the road on archaeological remains and allow appropriate mitigation strategies to be developed. This process confirmed the existence of archaeological remains at ten sites, ranging in date from the Mesolithic to the medieval period.

Archaeological investigations along the route of the A34 Newbury Bypass employed a staged approach to assess the likely impact of the road on archaeological remains and allow appropriate mitigation strategies to be developed. This process confirmed the existence of archaeological remains at ten sites, ranging in date from the Mesolithic to the medieval period.

At Lambourn Valley, a 'home base' site of later Mesolithic date was excavated. Evidence for Neolithic and Bronze Age activity comprised a flint scatter at Curridge Road, Middle Bronze Age features at Swilly Copse, and a group of Middle and Late Bronze Age features at Bath Road.

Romano-British sites at Bagnor Road, Enborne Road and Elmore Plantation appeared to represent farmsteads of unknown size; the Enborne Road site included material of early Roman (pre-Flavian) date. Much-disturbed Romano-British remains at Great Pen Wood were of uncertain function.

Three sites of medieval date were investigated. The remains at Hill's Pightle probably represented a small croft or farmstead, situated in a chalkland dry valley. At Enborne Street and Wheatlands Lane the sites produced large quantities of pottery and tile dating to the 13th–14th centuries, and are thought to represent a dispersed ceramics industry exploiting the London Clay.

The bypass corridor crosses a number of topographical/geological zones, the archaeological potential of some of which was already well established, while little was known of that of others owing to a lack of previous archaeological work. The archaeological investigations have provided an opportunity to consider the evolution of the landscape and the part that people have played in its management and inhabitation. The results of the investigations are presented in a descriptive text intended to be understandable to a wide readership, with more detailed and specialist reports available as a separate volume.

This volume presents a synthesis based on a comprehensive seven year survey of the Palaeolithic archaeology of England and Wales. That survey sought to identify the findspots and plot the distribution of Lower and Middle Palaeolithic artefacts in relation to the deposits containing them.  This volume is concerned not only with artefacts but with people; when and where they moved through the land we now know as Britain and in interpreting, where possible, what they were doing during the half million or so years of their occupation. 

It begins with a brief introduction to the period, the nature of the archaeological resource, and a history of Palaeolithic research.  This is followed by detailed considerations of the geological and climatological background, the formation and importance of river terraces, of the people themselves, and of fauna and flora that existed alongside them.

The main thrust of the report is a landscape based review of the evidence, beginning with a journey along all main river valleys.  The evidence is then reviewed for occupation beside the sea, around lakes, on the downs, plains, hills and fringes of the highlands, and in caves and rock shelters. It concludes with a future research agenda which poses a number of questions.  The report is accompanied by a separate volume of colour maps summarising all the major distributions by area. 

Three phases of archaeological work were carried out at Prospect Park, near Harmondsworth, London Borough of Hillingdon in 1993–5. The site, subsequently developed by British Airways for a new business centre, lies on the east side of the River Colne on 'brickearth', a drift deposit of aeolian origin c. 4 m thick at Prospect Park.

A section was investigated through the 'brickearth' in an attempt both to discover the potential for Palaeolithic remains within the deposit and to investigate the nature and origins of the 'brickearth' itself No archaeological remains were encountered but the recording, sampling, and subsequent analytical programme revealed an important sequence of periglacial features and provided much data pertinent to the depositional history of the 'brickearth', including climatic conditions, depositional regimes, and the sequence of soil development within the deposit. It has also identified the horizon in which Palaeolithic material might be expected to occur.

A small collection of Mesolithic flint comprised the earliest finds from the site and there were four features containing Late Neolithic Grooved Ware. Middle Bronze Age activity was indicated by the presence of a ring-ditch, cremation burials and a bucket urn. An extensive Late Bronze Age agricultural settlement of the 10th–9th centuries BC was associated with a field system. A few late Romano-British burials indicated nearby settlement but the most substantial remains were of an Early Saxon settlement of the 5th–6th centuries AD represented by sunken-featured buildings, timber halls, a well and various pits. Of particular interest was a significant group of non-local pottery vessels, some possibly of continental origin.

The A35 Tolpuddle to Puddletown Bypass in Dorset was one of the first tranche of Design, Build, Finance and Operate road schemes whereby responsibility for undertaking archaeological work is transferred from the Highways Agency to DBFO Company.

The bypass provided a 9 km long transect on the margins of the chalk uplands of Dorset and their interface with the Piddle Valley and the Hampshire Basin.  This is a zone of particular interest for the later prehistoric and Roman periods since it lies between the regional centre of Dorchester and the industrial zone of Purbeck.

Fourteen different areas of interest were identified along the route, ranging in date from the Neolithic to post-medieval. The most important site was a multi-period settlement near Tolpuddle Ball.  An Iron Age and Romano-British site was first examined here in 1993 by Liverpool University for the Highways Agency.  The DBFO project has demonstrated settlement on this site extending back to the earlier Bronze Age. An inhumation cemetery was also discovered near Tolpuddle Ball dating from the Late Roman period to the 7th century AD - a a rare and most important discovery for the region.

Eight excavations on sites of prehistoric and Roman date were undertaken during 1996–8 in advance of the A30 road improvement between Honiton and Exeter in Devon in south-west England. The excavated sites span the Neolithic to Roman periods, though evidence for Lower Palaeolithic and Mesolithic activity was also recorded.

At Castle Hill two Neolithic ritual monuments and a Middle Bronze Age field system and part of the associated farm compound were excavated. Bronze Age round-houses and compounds were also found at Patteson's Cross and at Hayne Lane, where an enclosed Middle–Late Bronze Age settlement was almost completely excavated.  Three Mid–Late Iron Age settlements were examined; a single round-house at Langland Lane, part of an open settlement at Long Range, and at Blackhorse, where he last phase of the settlement was enclosed. 

A Roman military base with an associated outwork or annexe was found at Pomeroy Wood. The base was occupied between c. AD60–85 and the garrison at one stage may have been a cavalry unit. The fort was succeeded by an extensive roadside settlement, which was also examined at Gittisham Forge.  It is possible that the settlement may have been called Moridunum. 

Eight excavations on sites of prehistoric and Roman date were undertaken during 1996–8 in advance of the A30 road improvement between Honiton and Exeter in Devon in south-west England. The excavated sites span the Neolithic to Roman periods, though evidence for Lower Palaeolithic and Mesolithic activity was also recorded.

At Castle Hill two Neolithic ritual monuments and a Middle Bronze Age field system and part of the associated farm compound were excavated. Bronze Age round-houses and compounds were also found at Patteson's Cross and at Hayne Lane, where an enclosed Middle–Late Bronze Age settlement was almost completely excavated.  Three Mid–Late Iron Age settlements were examined; a single round-house at Langland Lane, part of an open settlement at Long Range, and at Blackhorse, where the last phase of the settlement was enclosed. 

A Roman military base with an associated outwork or annexe was found at Pomeroy Wood. The base was occupied between c. AD60–85 and the garrison at one stage may have been a cavalry unit. The fort was succeeded by an extensive roadside settlement, which was also examined at Gittisham Forge.  It is possible that the settlement may have been called Moridunum. 

This volume presents a synthesis based on a comprehensive seven year survey of the Palaeolithic archaeology of England and Wales. That survey sought to identify the findspots and plot the distribution of Lower and Middle Palaeolithic artefacts in relation to the deposits containing them.  This volume is concerned not only with artefacts but with people; when and where they moved through the land we now know as Britain and in interpreting, where possible, what they were doing during the half million or so years of their occupation. 

It begins with a brief introduction to the period, the nature of the archaeological resource, and a history of Palaeolithic research.  This is followed by detailed considerations of the geological and climatological background, the formation and importance of river terraces, of the people themselves, and of fauna and flora that existed alongside them.

The main thrust of the report is a landscape based review of the evidence, beginning with a journey along all main river valleys.  The evidence is then reviewed for occupation beside the sea, around lakes, on the downs, plains, hills and fringes of the highlands, and in caves and rock shelters. It concludes with a future research agenda which poses a number of questions.  The report is accompanied by a separate volume of colour maps summarising all the major distributions by area. 

In 1986–88 evaluations and excavations were undertaken on the site of a proposed 47 ha business park development on the floodplain and terrace of the River Thames just east of Reading, Berkshire.

The evaluation confirmed the presence of a previously recorded Iron Age / Romano-British enclosure, and provided evidence of Mesolithic and Neolithic activity.

Excavations on the terrace recovered a Mesolithic flint scatter associated with a stream channel.  The remains of a Beaker burial were found, accompanied by a flint knife and 18 barbed and tanged arrowheads.

The enclosure proved to be Middle Bronze Age in origin but saw intermittent use through to the Romano-British period.  Outside it evidence of land divisions was recovered and three groups of cremation burials.

Further Mesolithic flintwork was recorded on the floodplain. A Late Neolithic pit produced Peterborough Ware pottery and a cluster of Late Iron Age / Romano-British features included post-holes of a probable rectangular structure and a series of pits.

A former river channel was extensively sampled for pollen and provided a detailed Palaeo-environmental sequence from the Late Devensian period to modern times.  Animal bones included a semi-articulated Bos skeleton of Mesolithic date with butchery marks. 

Excavations during 1979 on the fringes of Saxon Warminster have revealed evidence which suggests that the town's origins will eventually be traced to a nearby late Roman or early Saxon farmstead. Environmental studies illustrate how this primary settlement expanded into its surrounding landscape. Initially stock rearing and dairying appear to have been particularly important but from the 11th century onwards, the emphasis progressively moves towards 'sheep and corn' husbandry so typical of the medieval chalklamis.

Urban development, initiated in late Saxon times, impinged on the excavated site during the 11th century when Emwell Street was almost certainly a back street to the early urban quarter of the town. Activities taking place in the area during the medieval period include the smelting and forging of iron, butchery, and perhaps leather working and potting.

By AD 1300 most of the town's commerce had shifted to a new, formally laid out, market area. Redundant in its former role, Emwell Street attracted some residential development, but sloping topography and a susceptibility to winter flooding appears to have inhibited most further building until the post-medieval period. The site produced an important assemblage of medieval pottery from the Crockerton kilns.

Five excavations were undertaken in advance of construction of the A27 Westhampnett Bypass, near Chichester, West Sussex.  Within Area 2, situated on a low hill, were the remains of a Late Iron Age religious site and Romano-British and Anglo-Saxon cemeteries. 

The Late Iron Age religious site contained at least 161, largely unurned, cremation burials, mostly grouped around the SE side of a circular space. Around the remainder of the circumference of this space were recorded the remains of pyre sites and pyre-related features, with several small shrines to the east.  Spatial organisation and differential distribution of grave goods relating to the age and sec of the buried individuals were identifiable. The site may have been in use for only c.40 years in the 1st century BC. 

The Romano-British cremation cemetery did not disturb the earlier site. Only one pyre site was recorded.  The 36 graves contained burials which were often urned and comparatively well furnished with grave goods. It may have been used by only one or two families over about a century.

The Anglo-Saxon cemetery was represented by 10 inhumation graves, identified only from 5th-7th century AD artefacts assumed to be grave goods. 

This report presents the results of archaeological survey and excavation undertaken prior to and during construction of the A35 Southern By-pass and A37 Western Link Road around Dorchester, Dorset.

A series of sites was examined ranging in date from the Neolithic to post-medieval periods. 

A Neolithic pit enclosure with associated burials and chalk carvings was excavated at Flagstones and Neolithic pit rings at Conygar Hill.

Evidence for Bronze Age field systems, occupation debris, and ring-ditches was recovered from several sites indicating intensive agricultural settlement. Early–Middle Iron Age material as sparse but Late Iron Age features, burials, and artefact assemblages were recorded.

Ample evidence was found for rural Romano-British occupation and farming in the hinterland of the town of Durnovaria. 

The archaeological data was backed by an extensive programme of molluscan and soil analyses. The combined results provide a comprehensive and unprecedented picture of the development of occupation and land-use in the Dorchester area from the Neolithic to post-medieval times. 

Between 1979 and 1990 archaeological works were carried out in response to increasing redevelopment in the centre of Newbury.  The broad objective was to determine the origins and development of medieval settlement in the historic town centre.  Fieldwork concentrated around the area of the market place, in Bartholomew Street, Cheap Street, and Newbury Wharf.

Burgage plots on Bartholomew and Cheap Streets had been occupied from the 11th century, confirming that this was part of the original town. Before this date, the area had been used for agriculture, and possibly settlement, from at least the 10th century. Artefacts from medieval levels include well-stratified sequences of pottery, metalwork, faunal and environmental data.  The substantial pottery sequence is especially significant. 

At Newbury Wharf, smaller quantities of medieval artefacts and a general absence of medieval structures or deposits, suggest that agricultural activity continued later into the medieval period in this area. No clear evidence for the 12th century castle was recorded.

The growth of Reading in the medieval period was due largely to the influence of the Abbey. The waterfront zone, between the Holy Brook and the Kennet, at at the heart of the urban development.

A series of excavations and observations during major redevelopment of the town centre produced substantial evidence for the construction, repeated refurbishment and use of waterfront structures which includes hards, wooden revetments, wharfs and associated building spanning the medieval period. A period of near abandonment seems to have followed the Dissolution.

The recovery of over 100 timbers has allowed for detailed dendrochronological study and the artefact assemblages including abundant leather shoe fragments chart the varied industrial and commercial functions of the waterfronts.

The archaeological evidence is complemented by a documentary study of the history of the Reading waterfronts. 

This report presents the results of field surveys undertaken in 1976–77 and 1982–87 by the Berkshire Archaeological Unit, and in 1988–89 by Wessex Archaeology, and review the evidence for all periods of occupation in this area.  In addition the results of evaluations carried out by Wessex Archaeology in the Kennet Valley between 1985 and 1989, are briefly presented and discussed.

Through air photographic evidence, documentary sources, and field walking, each survey studied the archaeological potential of areas of mixed geology, including both river and plateau gravels, floodplain and valley side in order to assess the potential of each topographic zone within its context. The methods themselves are also assessed and discussed.

The Survey had confirmed the considerable human impact on the landscape of he Kennet Valley and also the great potential remaining within zones as yet little explored or exploited. The data presented in this report will be crucial in the development of strategies appropriate to the management of the remaining archaeological resource. 

At Prospect Park, near Harmondsworth, several features containing Neolithic Grooved Ware were encountered and slight evidence for Neolithic activity was recorded at both Hurst Park, East Molesey, and Wickhams Field, near Reading.

An Early Bronze Age ring-ditch, with associated Collared Urn cremation burials, was found at Hurst Park.  The Middle Bronze Age was represented at both Hurst Park and Prospect Park by a ring-ditch, two cremation burials, and a pit. Late Bronze Age settlements dating from the 11th–9th centuries BC were recorded at Hurst Park and Prospect Park.

Early Iron Age settlement was indicated at Wickhams Field by the presence of a trackway, enclosure, and associated pits. The Romano-British period was represented at all three sites by two farmsteads and a single cremation burial.

At Prospect Park, Early Saxon settlement of the 5th or 6th century AD was represented by four sunken-featured buildings, two timber halls, pits, and a well. At Wickhams Field, evidence for a Saxon settlement of 7th-9th century date was revealed by a series of storage pits, and a pair of wells. 

Papers from a day conference held at the Society of Antiquaries of London, 28 October 1994.

The replacement of a 4 km of sewer pipeline in the Avebury landscape demonstrated the high potential of the area, not just for the ritual and mortuary monuments of the Neolithic and Bronze Age for which Avebury is famous, but also the archaeology of other periods.

This report combines the findings of the watching brief undertaken during the engineering works, with the results of earlier desk-based research, air photographic, and geophysical surveys.

The earliest features cut by the pipe trench were three Bronze Age round barrow ring-ditches, one in the Beckhampton barrow cemetery, and two in dispersed locations. 

Evidence for an extensive Romano-British settlement along the east bank of the Winterbourne, south of Avebury, was discovered adding to the Romano-British material known from around Silbury Hill.

Previously recorded evidence of medieval settlements south-west of Avebury was added to by the recording of medieval features of 12th–14th century date in Butler's Field.

At Weir Bank Stud Farm, Bray, evidence was recovered of earlier Neolithic and later Iron Age – Romano British date. A Middle Bronze Age field system, triple ditches, and round-house represented the major period of use.

Three concentrations of later Neolithic/Early Bronze Age flintwork from Maidenhead Thicket were analysed, indicating limited extraction activities occurring in two areas and one are of probable domestic activity. 

An unenclosed, 7th century BC Early Iron Age settlement was investigated at Dunston Park, Thatcham. One round-house included a range of domestic items distributed in one side of the house only. A nearby 7th century BC pit group with ironsmithing debris provides early evidence of ironworking in the area.

At Park Farm, Binfield, a small rural settlement of the 1st century BC – 2nd century AD consisted of several houses and an enclosure system situated on London Clay and notably produced large numbers of loomweights. Mesolithic flint scatters were also investigated in detail. 

Excavations in advance of housing development on the outskirts of Basingstoke revealed extensive evidence of Iron Age, Roman, and medieval occupation.

A series of Early–Late Iron Age enclosure complexes, including a banjo enclosure, contained evidence for zones of domestic settlement which includes pits, four-post structures, and extensive assemblages of artefacts, bone, and carbonised plant remains.

Site A contained the remains of a medieval church with associated graveyard and domestic structures. A two-cell church of 11th–12th century date survived as wall foundations surrounded by fenced graveyard.  At least six timber buildings and associated pits and post-holes indicate unenclosed settlement close by.

In the late 12th–14th centuries the graveyard was enclosed by ditches and at least 250 burials made. A priest was buried in the church with a pewter patan and chalice.  Further wooden buildings, pits, an oven, and a trackway form part of an enclosed settlement - probably the lost medieval village of Hatch. 

Excavations in advance of building works at County Hall, Colliton Park, Dorchester, revealed occupation of a semi-urban character in the north-west corner of the Roman town of Durnovaria.

First century AD field boundaries pre-dated construction of the north-south metalled road, part of the original street plan. After a period of neglect the street was remetalled in the later 3rd century, at which time quarrying activities were apparent and an oven or furnace constructed.

A 4th century residential building was probably associated with a ditched enclosure containing a corndrier. Later in the century a large, barn-like building was constructed, associated with sheds, outhouses and fenced enclosures. 

A varied assemblage of essentially domestic artefacts was recovered with some agricultural tools and evidence of metalworking. 

Excavations at Jennings Yard, Windsor primarily revealed evidence of substantial medieval buildings within the former suburb of Underore. Remains of three successive masonry buildings - one incorporating an en suite garderobe - spanning the years AD 1150–1600 were recorded, associated with structures and features including a possible moat and revetted causeway.

Substantial pottery, metalwork, waterlogged leather and woodwork assemblages were recovered. Extensive environmental sampling was undertaken. An unusually early find was made of a rosemary seed (13th/14th century). A group of eight partially disarticulated horse skeletons was recovered from a narrow ditch.

Following abandonment of the medieval buildings the site was used as an orchard during much of the post-medieval period prior to the development of small-scale 19th century industries. 

Excavations in advance of major developments produced evidence for Bronze Age, Iron Age and Romano-British fields and boundaries.

During the 7th–11th centuries a lengthy sequence of occupation began with a sunken-featured building followed by a series of rectangular timber structures and associated features which were eventually sealed by a late Saxon land surface.

A stone church, constructed in the later 11th century, was surrounded by a bounded cemetery containing at least 160 inhumations. The area seems to have become incorporated into a manorial enclosure system with timber buildings destroyed c. 1139 by the construction of the Anarchy Period Castle.

The castle had a motte, an Inner and an Outer Bailey.  The church and graveyard continued in use until the later 12th century when the defences were apparently remodelled and the church adapted for secular use. No other castle buildings were identified. 

Four sites excavated on the gravels of the River Kennet produced evidence for occupation, burial, and riverside activities from the Mesolithic-post-medieval periods.

At Field Farm, Mesolithic flintwork, a Neolithic hearth and pottery, and a series of Bronze Age ring-ditches associated with Deverel-Rimbury and Collared Urn cremation burials were recovered. In the 7th century AD the man ringditch became a focus for an inhumation cemetery. Deverel-Rimbury urns were also recovered from Shortheath Lane, Sulhampstead.

At Anslow's Cottages a Bronze Age landing-stage was followed by a series of Roman and Saxon stake- and post- built structures across and within a former river channel. A Saxon basketry fish or eel trap was also recovered together with detailed environmental sequences. Another Saxon timber was recorded at Theale Industrial Site.